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NeurocAre - the Neuropsychology of Aging

NeurocAre - the Neuropsychology of Aging

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Settore ERC

SH4_3 - Clinical and health psychology
SH4_4 - Neuropsychology

Attività

Research Topics and related publications

Lo studio delle disfunzioni esecutive nei disturbi neurocognitivi e nelle patologie degenerative del SNC è un’importante tematica che viene esplorata in dettaglio. Nel GdR le variabili di interesse vengono prese in considerazione secondo un’ottica convergente ad un livello neuropsicobiologico di spiegazione. Il nostro GdR è pervenuto ad importanti risultati, in linea con un approccio neuro-cognitivo, pubblicati sulle maggiori riviste scientifiche di riferimento del settore. L’originalità del GdR è data dall’utilizzo di questo modello multidimensionale. È importante sottolineare che viene inoltre fornita un'analisi delle disfunzioni neuropsicologiche relate alle strutture prefrontali ventromesiali, tramite batterie cliniche e attraverso tecniche di neuroimaging.

  1. Amanzio, M., & Palermo, S. [2020]. Editorial: Unawareness of Illness in Neurological Disorders: A Focussed Neurocognitive Approach Shedding Light on Neuropsychological Deficits and Neural Underpinnings Potential Association. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 622576. 
  2. Bartoli, M., Palermo, S., Stanziano, M., Cipriani, G. E., Leotta, D., Valentini, M. C., & Amanzio, M. [2020]. Reduced Self-Awareness Following a Combined Polar and Paramedian Bilateral Thalamic Infarction. A Possible Relationship With SARS-CoV-2 Risk of Contagion?. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 570160. 
  3. Amanzio, M., Bartoli, M., Cipriani, G. E., & Palermo, S. [2020]. Executive Dysfunction and Reduced Self-Awareness in Patients With Neurological Disorders. A Mini-Review. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1697.
  4. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zucca, M., Rosato, R., Rubino, E., Leotta, D., Bartoli, M., & Rainero, I. [2018]. Neuropsychological correlates of instrumental activities of daily living in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for executive dysfunction and mood changes. International psychogeriatrics, 30(12): 1871-1881.
  5. Palermo, S., Lopiano, L., Morese, R., Zibetti, M., Romagnolo, A., Stanziano, M., Rizzone, M.G., Geminiani, G.C., Valentini, M.C., & Amanzio, M. [2018]. Role of the cingulate cortex in dyskinesias-reduced-self-awareness: an fMRI study on Parkinson’s disease patients. Frontiers in psychology, 9: 1765.
  6. Palermo, S., Lopiano, L., Zibetti, M., Rosato, R., Leotta, D., & Amanzio, M. [2017]. A novel framework for understanding reduced awareness of dyskinesias in Parkinson's Disease. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 39: 58-63.
  7. Amanzio, M., D'Agata, F., Palermo, S., Rubino, E., Zucca, M., Galati, A., Pinessi, L., Castellano, G., Rainero, I. [2017]. Corrigendum to "Neural correlates of reduced awareness in instrumental activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia" [Experimental Gerontology 83 (2016) 158-164]. Experimental Gerontolology, 96:164-165.
  8. Amanzio, M., D’Agata, F., Palermo, S., Rubino, E., Zucca, M., Galati, A., Pinessi, L., Castellano, G., Rainero, I. [2016]. Neural correlates of reduced awareness in instrumental activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia. Experimental Gerontology, 83: 158-164.

 

Il PI ha conseguito numerosi risultati in linea con la presente tematica. Lo studio dell’analgesia da placebo (PA) in pazienti affetti da disturbi neurodegenerativi, tramite l’analisi degli elementi neuropsicologici e neurofisiologici modulati dal meccanismo dell’aspettativa, ha implicazioni cliniche importanti. L'aspettativa di miglioramento di un paziente può influenzare l'esito della risposta al placebo. La scarsità dei dati a nostra disposizione e la gravità degli esiti delle malattie neurodegenerative giustificano la necessità di avviare progetti specifici (si veda come esempio il nostro studio: Exp Gerontol. 2019 Apr; 118:106-116). Il trattamento con placebo nei trials clinici randomizzati può sortire inoltre effetti negativi (nocebo) associabili con un’aspettativa di peggioramento del quadro sintomatologico, in termini di effetti collaterali. Infine, tecniche di meta analisi vengono condotte per pervenire ad una revisione dei dati pubblicati dalla letteratura sull’effetto placebo e nocebo.

  1. Amanzio, M., Cipriani, G. E., & Bartoli, M. [2021]. How do nocebo effects in placebo groups of randomized controlled trials provide a possible explicative framework for the COVID-19 pandemic?. Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 1–6. Advance online publication. 
  2. Amanzio, M., Howick, J., Bartoli, M., Cipriani, G. E., & Kong, J. [2020]. How Do Nocebo Phenomena Provide a Theoretical Framework for the COVID-19 Pandemic?. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 589884. 
  3. Amanzio, M., Vase, L., & Mitsikostas, D. D. [2020]. Editorial: Nocebo Effects and Their Influence on Clinical Trials and Practice: Modulating Factors in Healthy and Pathological Conditions. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 100. 
  4. Amanzio, M., & Palermo, S. [2020]. Nocebo effects and psychotropic drug action - an update. Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 13(2), 75–77. 
  5. Palermo, S., Rainero, I., Stanziano, M., Vase, L., D'Agata, F., Rubino, E., Fonio, P., Sardanelli, F. & Amanzio, M. [2019]. A novel neurocognitive approach for placebo analgesia in neurocognitive disorders. Experimental gerontology, 118: 106-116.
  6. Palermo, S., Giovannelli, F., Bartoli, M., & Amanzio, M. [2019]. Are patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders more prone to manifest nocebo-like-effects? A meta-analysis of adverse events in placebo groups of double-blind antipsychotic trials. Frontiers in pharmacology 10: 502.
  7. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Skyt, I., Vase, L. [2016]. Lessons Learned from Nocebo Effects in Clinical Trials for Pain Conditions and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 36: 475-482.
  8. Amanzio, M. [2016]. The role of cognitive impairment in the placebo and nocebo effects (Book Chapter). An Introduction to Pain and its Relation to Nervous System Disorders, 373-386.
  9. Amanzio, M. [2016]. Nocebo and Pain (Book Chapter). The Neuroscience of Pain, Stress and Emotion: Psychological and Clinical Implications, 117-131.

 

Il processamento del dolore e il suo corretto assessment sono aspetti importanti da valutare attentamente nei pazienti con disturbi neurodegenerativi, al fine aumentare la risposta ai farmaci analgesici e la loro qualità di vita.

  1. Amanzio, M., & Palermo, S. [2019]. Pain Anticipation and Nocebo-Related Responses: A Descriptive Mini-Review of Functional Neuroimaging Studies in Normal Subjects and Precious Hints on Pain Processing in the Context of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Frontiers in pharmacology, 10, 969. 
  2. de Waal, M. W., van Dalen‐Kok, A. H., de Vet, H. C., Gimenez‐Llort, L., Konstantinovic, L., de Tommaso, M., ... & Lobbezoo, F. [2019]. Observational pain assessment in older persons with dementia in four countries: observer agreement of items and factor structure of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition. European Journal of Pain
  3. Amanzio, M. [2016]. Nocebo and Pain (Book Chapter). The Neuroscience of Pain, Stress and Emotion: Psychological and Clinical Implications, 117-131.

 

La presente tematica si basa sulla costruzione di nuovi indici di fragilità correlati a biomarcatori ed al quadro di involuzione cognitiva/comportamentale in soggetti con MCI e con disturbo neurocognitivo maggiore e nel gruppo di soggetti in normal cognitive ageing. Il concetto di fragilità denota una perdita di riserve biologiche in termini di: energia, capacità fisiche, cognitive e dello stato di salute. Ciò pone i soggetti con fragilità e con patologie neurodegenerative ad elevato rischio di maggiori outcomes negativi. Attraverso questa tematica si dimostrerà come la misurazione della fragilità sia importante per la prevenzione primaria, la diagnosi precoce e per l’impairment cognitivo e per la prognosi.

  1. Bartoli, M., Palermo, S., Cipriani, G. E., & Amanzio, M. [2020]. A Possible Association Between Executive Dysfunction and Frailty in Patients With Neurocognitive Disorders. Frontiers in psychology11, 554307. 
  2. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zucca, M., Rosato, R., Rubino, E., Leotta, D., Bartoli, M., & Rainero, I. [2017]. Neuropsychological correlates of pre-Frailty in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for metacognitive dysfunction and mood changes. Frontiers in medicine, 4: 199.

 

European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing. Action Group A3 on Functional decline and Frailty. Synergy Group on "Information technology and adherence in ageing population with chronic diseases and polypharmacy".

 

KONG JIAN – Professore Associato, Harvard Medical School, Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA.

Pubblicazioni in Co-autorship :

  1. Amanzio, M., Howick, J., Bartoli, M., Cipriani, G. E., & Kong, J. [2020]. How Do Nocebo Phenomena Provide a Theoretical Framework for the COVID-19 Pandemic?. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 589884. 

 

HOWICK JEREMY – Ricercatore, University of Oxford, UK. Facoltà di Filosofia.

Pubblicazioni in Co-autorship :

  1. Amanzio, M., Howick, J., Bartoli, M., Cipriani, G. E., & Kong, J. [2020]. How Do Nocebo Phenomena Provide a Theoretical Framework for the COVID-19 Pandemic?. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 589884. 

 

VASE LENE – Professore Associato, Aarhus University, Danimarca. Dipartimento di Psicologia e Danish Pain centre (SSD: MPSI_02)

Pubblicazioni in Co-autorship :

  1. Amanzio, M., Vase, L., & Mitsikostas, D. D. [2020]. Editorial: Nocebo Effects and Their Influence on Clinical Trials and Practice: Modulating Factors in Healthy and Pathological Conditions. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 100.
  2. Palermo, S., Rainero, I., Stanziano, M., Vase, L., D'Agata, F., Rubino, E., Fonio, P., Sardanelli, F. & Amanzio, M. [2019]. A novel neurocognitive approach for placebo analgesia in neurocognitive disorders. Experimental gerontology, 118: 106-116.
  3. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Skyt, I., Vase, L. [2016]. Lessons Learned from Nocebo Effects in Clinical Trials for Pain Conditions and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 36: 475-482.
  4. Defrin, R., Amanzio, M., de Tommaso, M., Dimova, V., Filipovic, S., Finn, D.P., Gimenez-Llort, L., Invitto, S., Jensen-Dahm, C., Lautenbacher, S., Oosterman, J.M., Petrini, L., Pick, C.G., Pickering, G., Vase, L., Kunz, M. [2015]. Experimental pain processing in individuals with cognitive impairment: current state of the science. Pain 156(8):1396-408.
  5. Vase, L., Amanzio, M., Price, D. [2015]. Nocebo versus Placebo: The Challenges of Trial Design in Analgesia Research. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 97(2):143-50.
  6. Petersen, G.L., Finnerup, N.B., Colloca, L., Amanzio, M., Price, D.D., Staehelin Jensen, T., Vase, L. [2014]. The magnitude of nocebo effects in pain: A meta-analysis. Pain 155(8):1426-1434.

 

RAINERO INNOCENZO – Professore Ordinario, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze. Neurologia 1-U, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (SSD: MED/26).

Pubblicazioni in Co-autorship:

  1. Palermo, S., Rainero, I., Stanziano, M., Vase, L., D'Agata, F., Rubino, E., Fonio, P., Sardanelli, F. & Amanzio, M. [2019]. A novel neurocognitive approach for placebo analgesia in neurocognitive disorders. Experimental gerontology, 118: 106-116.
  2. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zucca, M., Rosato, R., Rubino, E., Leotta, D., Bartoli, M., & Rainero, I. [2018]. Neuropsychological correlates of instrumental activities of daily living in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for executive dysfunction and mood changes. International psychogeriatrics, 30(12): 1871-1881.
  3. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zucca, M., Rosato, R., Rubino, E., Leotta, D., Bartoli, M., & Rainero, I. [2017]. Neuropsychological correlates of pre-Frailty in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for metacognitive dysfunction and mood changes. Frontiers in medicine, 4: 199.
  4. Amanzio, M., D’Agata, F., Palermo, S., Rubino, E., Zucca, M., Galati, A., Pinessi, L., Castellano, G., Rainero, I. [2016]. Neural correlates of reduced awareness in instrumental activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia. Experimental Gerontology, 83: 158-164.

 

LEOTTA DANIELA - Asl TO1. Dirigente Medico e Primario del Reparto di Neurologia, Ospedale Martini, Torino (IT).

Pubblicazioni in Co-autorship:

  1. Bartoli, M., Palermo, S., Stanziano, M., Cipriani, G. E., Leotta, D., Valentini, M. C., & Amanzio, M. [2020]. Reduced Self-Awareness Following a Combined Polar and Paramedian Bilateral Thalamic Infarction. A Possible Relationship With SARS-CoV-2 Risk of Contagion?. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 570160. 
  2. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zucca, M., Rosato, R., Rubino, E., Leotta, D., Bartoli, M., & Rainero, I. [2018]. Neuropsychological correlates of instrumental activities of daily living in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for executive dysfunction and mood changes. International psychogeriatrics, 30(12): 1871-1881.
  3. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zucca, M., Rosato, R., Rubino, E., Leotta, D., Bartoli, M., & Rainero, I. [2017]. Neuropsychological correlates of pre-Frailty in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for metacognitive dysfunction and mood changes. Frontiers in medicine, 4: 199.
  4. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zibetti, M., Leotta, D., Rosato, R., Geminiani, G., Lopiano, L. [2014]. Self-unawareness of Levodopa induced dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Brain and Cognition 90C:135-141.
  5. Palermo, S., Leotta, D., Bongioanni, M., Amanzio, M. [2014]. Unawareness of deficits in ischemic injury: Role of the Cingulate Cortex. NeuroCase 20 (5): 540-555.

  1. Validazione indici prognostici e diagnostici di fragilità atta a meglio comprendere i disturbi neurocognitivi.
  2. Ruolo delle disfunzioni esecutive metacognitive nel normal cognitive ageing e nel disturbo neurocognitivo.
  3. Capacità di agire in soggetti anziani in normal cognitive ageing e con disturbi neurocognitivi.
  4. Ruolo delle disfunzioni esecutive nei soggetti con recidiva di reato.

Attrezzature di ricerca

Testistica neuropsicologica, strumentazione atta a valutare le variabili di interesse e software in concessione d’uso da parte del Dipartimento e da parte di finanziamenti CRT presso il lab di ricerca e sviluppo UNITRE-Torino.

Martina Ananzio è attualmente coordinatrice del Commitment selezionato dall’Unione Europea inserito all’interno del Parternariato sull’Invecchiamento Sano ed Attivo, EIP-AHA. M.A. fa parte dell’Action Group A3 Functional Decline and Frailty. È inoltre coinvolta da EIP-AHA nel Synergy-Action-Group: “Information technology and adherence in ageing population with chronic diseases and polypharmacy”. M.A. È stata precedentemente coinvolta nel Management Committee del bando Europeo-COST-Action-TD-1005 finanziato con fondi europei e rivolto a soggetti anziani con deterioramento cognitivo e sintomatologia dolorosa (PAIC, Workgroup-4).

Le linee di ricerca sull’invecchiamento sano ed attivo sono state inoltre precedentemente finanziate da parte della Fondazione-CRT (GAIA-MENTE e GAIA-MENTE 2). La fondazione-CRT ha recentemente finanziato GAIA-MENTE 3 per lo studio di soggetti con deterioramento cognitivo lieve ed il progetto GAIA-MENTE-4 per il supporto delle attività del laboratorio di "formazione, addestramento, ricerca e sviluppo" di UNITRE Torino.

Il PI dirige attualmente come Editor in Chief la rivista scientifica Frontiers in Psychology – Section: Neuropsychology.

SH4_3 - Neuropsychology and clinical psychology

SH4_4 - Cognitive and experimental psychology: perception, action, and higher cognitive processes

LS5_1 - Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

LS5_3 - Neurochemistry and neuropharmacology

LS5_5 - Mechanisms of pain

LS5_11 - Neurological disorders

The study of executive dysfunctions in neurocognitive disorders and degenerative pathologies of the CNS is an important topic that is explored in detail. In the research group (RG) the variables of interest are taken into consideration according to a convergent perspective at a neuropsychological level of explanation. Our group has achieved important results, in line with this neurocognitive approach, published in the major scientific journal of the sector. The originality of the RG is given by the use of a multidimensional model. It is important to underline that an analysis of neuropsychological dysfunctions related to ventromesial prefrontal structures is also provided, through clinical batteries and through neuroimaging techniques.

  1. Amanzio, M., & Palermo, S. [2020]. Editorial: Unawareness of Illness in Neurological Disorders: A Focussed Neurocognitive Approach Shedding Light on Neuropsychological Deficits and Neural Underpinnings Potential Association. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 622576. 
  2. Bartoli, M., Palermo, S., Stanziano, M., Cipriani, G. E., Leotta, D., Valentini, M. C., & Amanzio, M. [2020]. Reduced Self-Awareness Following a Combined Polar and Paramedian Bilateral Thalamic Infarction. A Possible Relationship With SARS-CoV-2 Risk of Contagion?. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 570160. 
  3. Amanzio, M., Bartoli, M., Cipriani, G. E., & Palermo, S. [2020]. Executive Dysfunction and Reduced Self-Awareness in Patients With Neurological Disorders. A Mini-Review. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1697.
  4. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zucca, M., Rosato, R., Rubino, E., Leotta, D., Bartoli, M., & Rainero, I. [2018]. Neuropsychological correlates of instrumental activities of daily living in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for executive dysfunction and mood changes. International psychogeriatrics, 30(12): 1871-1881.
  5. Palermo, S., Lopiano, L., Morese, R., Zibetti, M., Romagnolo, A., Stanziano, M., Rizzone, M.G., Geminiani, G.C., Valentini, M.C., & Amanzio, M. [2018]. Role of the cingulate cortex in dyskinesias-reduced-self-awareness: an fMRI study on Parkinson’s disease patients. Frontiers in psychology, 9: 1765.
  6. Palermo, S., Lopiano, L., Zibetti, M., Rosato, R., Leotta, D., & Amanzio, M. [2017]. A novel framework for understanding reduced awareness of dyskinesias in Parkinson's Disease. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 39: 58-63.
  7. Amanzio, M., D'Agata, F., Palermo, S., Rubino, E., Zucca, M., Galati, A., Pinessi, L., Castellano, G., Rainero, I. [2017]. Corrigendum to "Neural correlates of reduced awareness in instrumental activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia" [Experimental Gerontology 83 (2016) 158-164]. Experimental Gerontolology, 96:164-165.
  8. Amanzio, M., D’Agata, F., Palermo, S., Rubino, E., Zucca, M., Galati, A., Pinessi, L., Castellano, G., Rainero, I. [2016]. Neural correlates of reduced awareness in instrumental activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia. Experimental Gerontology, 83: 158-164.

 

The PI has achieved important results in the placebo-nocebo field. The study of placebo analgesia (PA) in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, through the analysis of neuropsychological and neurophysiological elements modulated by the expectation mechanism, has important clinical implications. A patient's expectation of improvement may affect the outcome of the placebo response. The paucity of data and the severity of neurodegenerative diseases justify the need to start specific projects (see as an example our study: Exp Gerontol. 2019 Apr; 118: 106-116). Placebo treatment in randomized clinical trials can also have negative effects (nocebo) associated with an expectation of worsening the symptomatic picture, in terms of side effects. Finally, meta-analysis techniques are conducted to review the data published by the literature on the placebo and nocebo effect.

  1. Amanzio, M., Cipriani, G. E., & Bartoli, M. [2021]. How do nocebo effects in placebo groups of randomized controlled trials provide a possible explicative framework for the COVID-19 pandemic?. Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 1–6. Advance online publication. 
  2. Amanzio, M., Howick, J., Bartoli, M., Cipriani, G. E., & Kong, J. [2020]. How Do Nocebo Phenomena Provide a Theoretical Framework for the COVID-19 Pandemic?. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 589884. 
  3. Amanzio, M., Vase, L., & Mitsikostas, D. D. [2020]. Editorial: Nocebo Effects and Their Influence on Clinical Trials and Practice: Modulating Factors in Healthy and Pathological Conditions. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 100. 
  4. Amanzio, M., & Palermo, S. [2020]. Nocebo effects and psychotropic drug action - an update. Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 13(2), 75–77. 
  5. Palermo, S., Rainero, I., Stanziano, M., Vase, L., D'Agata, F., Rubino, E., Fonio, P., Sardanelli, F. & Amanzio, M. [2019]. A novel neurocognitive approach for placebo analgesia in neurocognitive disorders. Experimental gerontology, 118: 106-116.
  6. Palermo, S., Giovannelli, F., Bartoli, M., & Amanzio, M. [2019]. Are patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders more prone to manifest nocebo-like-effects? A meta-analysis of adverse events in placebo groups of double-blind antipsychotic trials. Frontiers in pharmacology 10: 502.
  7. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Skyt, I., Vase, L. [2016]. Lessons Learned from Nocebo Effects in Clinical Trials for Pain Conditions and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 36: 475-482.
  8. Amanzio, M. [2016]. The role of cognitive impairment in the placebo and nocebo effects (Book Chapter). An Introduction to Pain and its Relation to Nervous System Disorders, 373-386.
  9. Amanzio, M. [2016]. Nocebo and Pain (Book Chapter). The Neuroscience of Pain, Stress and Emotion: Psychological and Clinical Implications, 117-131.

     

Pain processing and its correct assessment are important aspects to be carefully evaluated in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, in order to increase the response to analgesic drugs and their quality of life.

  1. Amanzio, M., & Palermo, S. [2019]. Pain Anticipation and Nocebo-Related Responses: A Descriptive Mini-Review of Functional Neuroimaging Studies in Normal Subjects and Precious Hints on Pain Processing in the Context of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Frontiers in pharmacology, 10, 969. 
  2. de Waal, M. W., van Dalen‐Kok, A. H., de Vet, H. C., Gimenez‐Llort, L., Konstantinovic, L., de Tommaso, M., ... & Lobbezoo, F. [2019]. Observational pain assessment in older persons with dementia in four countries: observer agreement of items and factor structure of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition. European Journal of Pain
  3. Amanzio, M. [2016]. Nocebo and Pain (Book Chapter). The Neuroscience of Pain, Stress and Emotion: Psychological and Clinical Implications, 117-131.

 

 The present topic is based on the construction of new frailty indexes related to biomarkers and a cognitive / behavioral involution in subjects with MCI, major neurocognitive disorders and in normal cognitive aging. The concept of frailty denotes a loss of biological reserves in terms of: energy, physical, cognitive and health status. This puts frailty subjects with neurodegenerative diseases at a greater risk of negative outcomes. Through this theme it will be shown how the measurement of frailty is important for primary prevention, early diagnosis, cognitive impairment and prognosis.

  1. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Stanziano, M., D'Agata, F., Galati, A., Gentile, S., Castellano, G., Bartoli, M., Cipriani, G. E., Rubino, E., Fonio, P., & Rainero, I. (2021). Investigating Neuroimaging Correlates of Early Frailty in Patients With Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia: A MRI and FDG-PET Study. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 13, 637796. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.637796.
  2. Bartoli, M., Palermo, S., Cipriani, G. E., & Amanzio, M. [2020]. A Possible Association Between Executive Dysfunction and Frailty in Patients With Neurocognitive Disorders. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 554307. 
  3. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zucca, M., Rosato, R., Rubino, E., Leotta, D., Bartoli, M., & Rainero, I. [2017]. Neuropsychological correlates of pre-Frailty in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for metacognitive dysfunction and mood changes. Frontiers in medicine, 4: 199.

 

  1. Validation of prognostic and diagnostic indicators of frailty aimed at better understanding neurocognitive disorders
  2. Role of metacognitive executive dysfunctions in normal cognitive aging and neurocognitive disorders
  3. Legal capacity of the older persons in normal cognitive ageing and with neurocognitive disorders
  4. Executive Dysfunctions in persistent offenders

 

National and international scientific collaborations

European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing. Action Group A3 on Functional decline and Frailty. Synergy Group on "Information technology and adherence in ageing population with chronic diseases and polypharmacy".

KONG JIAN – Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (MA), USA.

Co-autorship Publication:

  1. Amanzio, M., Howick, J., Bartoli, M., Cipriani, G. E., & Kong, J. [2020]. How Do Nocebo Phenomena Provide a Theoretical Framework for the COVID-19 Pandemic?. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 589884. 

 

HOWICK JEREMY – Senior Research Associate, University of Oxford, Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford, UK.

Co-autorship Publication:

  1. Amanzio, M., Howick, J., Bartoli, M., Cipriani, G. E., & Kong, J. [2020]. How Do Nocebo Phenomena Provide a Theoretical Framework for the COVID-19 Pandemic?. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 589884.

 

VASE LENE – associate Professor, Aarhus University, Denmark. Department of Psychology e Danish Pain centre 

Co-autorship Publications:

  1. Amanzio, M., Vase, L., & Mitsikostas, D. D. [2020]. Editorial: Nocebo Effects and Their Influence on Clinical Trials and Practice: Modulating Factors in Healthy and Pathological Conditions. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 100.
  2. Palermo, S., Rainero, I., Stanziano, M., Vase, L., D'Agata, F., Rubino, E., Fonio, P., Sardanelli, F. & Amanzio, M. [2019]. A novel neurocognitive approach for placebo analgesia in neurocognitive disorders. Experimental gerontology, 118: 106-116.
  3. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Skyt, I., Vase, L. [2016]. Lessons Learned from Nocebo Effects in Clinical Trials for Pain Conditions and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 36: 475-482.
  4. Defrin, R., Amanzio, M., de Tommaso, M., Dimova, V., Filipovic, S., Finn, D.P., Gimenez-Llort, L., Invitto, S., Jensen-Dahm, C., Lautenbacher, S., Oosterman, J.M., Petrini, L., Pick, C.G., Pickering, G., Vase, L., Kunz, M. [2015]. Experimental pain processing in individuals with cognitive impairment: current state of the science. Pain 156(8):1396-408.
  5. Vase, L., Amanzio, M., Price, D. [2015]. Nocebo versus Placebo: The Challenges of Trial Design in Analgesia Research. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 97(2):143-50.
  6. Petersen, G.L., Finnerup, N.B., Colloca, L., Amanzio, M., Price, D.D., Staehelin Jensen, T., Vase, L. [2014]. The magnitude of nocebo effects in pain: A meta-analysis. Pain 155(8):1426-1434.

 

RAINERO INNOCENZO - Full Professor, Department of Neurosciences. 1-U Neurology, City of Health and Science of Turin (SSD: MED/26).

Co-autorship Publications:

  1. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Stanziano, M., D'Agata, F., Galati, A., Gentile, S., Castellano, G., Bartoli, M., Cipriani, G. E., Rubino, E., Fonio, P., & Rainero, I. (2021). Investigating Neuroimaging Correlates of Early Frailty in Patients With Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia: A MRI and FDG-PET Study. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 13, 637796. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.637796
  2. Palermo, S., Rainero, I., Stanziano, M., Vase, L., D'Agata, F., Rubino, E., Fonio, P., Sardanelli, F. & Amanzio, M. [2019]. A novel neurocognitive approach for placebo analgesia in neurocognitive disorders. Experimental gerontology, 118: 106-116.
  3. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zucca, M., Rosato, R., Rubino, E., Leotta, D., Bartoli, M., & Rainero, I. [2018]. Neuropsychological correlates of instrumental activities of daily living in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for executive dysfunction and mood changes. International psychogeriatrics, 30(12): 1871-1881.
  4. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zucca, M., Rosato, R., Rubino, E., Leotta, D., Bartoli, M., & Rainero, I. [2017]. Neuropsychological correlates of pre-Frailty in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for metacognitive dysfunction and mood changes. Frontiers in medicine, 4: 199.
  5. Amanzio, M., D’Agata, F., Palermo, S., Rubino, E., Zucca, M., Galati, A., Pinessi, L., Castellano, G., Rainero, I. [2016]. Neural correlates of reduced awareness in instrumental activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia. Experimental Gerontology, 83: 158-164.

 

LEOTTA DANIELA - Asl TO1. Medical director and Chief of the Department of Neurology, Martini Hospital, Turin (IT).

Co-autorship Publications:

  1. Bartoli, M., Palermo, S., Stanziano, M., Cipriani, G. E., Leotta, D., Valentini, M. C., & Amanzio, M. [2020]. Reduced Self-Awareness Following a Combined Polar and Paramedian Bilateral Thalamic Infarction. A Possible Relationship With SARS-CoV-2 Risk of Contagion?. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 570160. 
  2. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zucca, M., Rosato, R., Rubino, E., Leotta, D., Bartoli, M., & Rainero, I. [2018]. Neuropsychological correlates of instrumental activities of daily living in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for executive dysfunction and mood changes. International psychogeriatrics, 30(12): 1871-1881.
  3. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zucca, M., Rosato, R., Rubino, E., Leotta, D., Bartoli, M., & Rainero, I. [2017]. Neuropsychological correlates of pre-Frailty in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for metacognitive dysfunction and mood changes. Frontiers in medicine, 4: 199.
  4. Amanzio, M., Palermo, S., Zibetti, M., Leotta, D., Rosato, R., Geminiani, G., Lopiano, L. [2014]. Self-unawareness of Levodopa induced dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Brain and Cognition 90C:135-141.
  5. Palermo, S., Leotta, D., Bongioanni, M., Amanzio, M. [2014]. Unawareness of deficits in ischemic injury: Role of the Cingulate Cortex. NeuroCase 20 (5): 540-555.

 

Neuropsychological testing, instrumentation for evaluating the variables of interest and software used by the Department and by CRT loans at the UNITRE-Turin research and development lab

 

M.A. is currently the coordinator of the Commitment selected by the European Union, inserted within the Partnership on Healthy and Active Aging, EIP-AHA. M.A. is part of the Action Group A3 "Functional Decline and Frailty". She is also involved by  in theEIP-AHA Synergy-Action-Group: "Information technology and adherence in aging population with chronic diseases and polypharmacy". M.A. was previously involved in the Management Committee of the European-COST-Action-TD-1005 call funded with European funds addressed to elderly people with cognitive impairment and painful symptoms (PAIC, Workgroup-4).
The research lines on healthy and active aging have also been previously funded by the CRT-Foundation (GAIA-MENTE and GAIA-MENTE 2). The CRT-foundation has recently funded GAIA-MENTE 3 for the study of subjects with mild cognitive impairment and the GAIA-MENTE-4 project for the support of the activities of the UNITRE Turin "formation, training, research and development laboratory".
The PI currently directs the scientific journal Frontiers in Psychology - Section: Neuropsychology - as Chief Editor.

 

SH4_3 - Neuropsychology and clinical psychology

SH4_4 - Cognitive and experimental psychology: perception, action, and higher cognitive processes

LS5_1 - Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

LS5_3 - Neurochemistry and neuropharmacology

LS5_5 - Mechanisms of pain

LS5_11 - Neurological disorders

University Research Forum

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS AND ACTIVE AGEING: PANDORA

Prodotti della ricerca

  • Amanzio M, Palermo S, Stanziano M, D'Agata F, Galati A, Gentile S, Castellano G, Bartoli M, Cipriani GE, Rubino E, Fonio P, Rainero I. (2021). Investigating Neuroimaging Correlates of Early Frailty in Patients With Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia: A MRI and FDG-PET Study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13, 637796 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Cipriani GE, Bartoli AM. (2021) How do nocebo effects in placebo groups of randomized controlled trials provide a possible explicative framework for the COVID-19 pandemic? Expert review of clinical pharmacology 1-6 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Palermo S. (2020) Editorial: Unawareness of Illness in Neurological Disorders: A Focussed Neurocognitive Approach Shedding Light on Neuropsychological Deficits and Neural Underpinnings Potential Association. Frontiers in psychology 11 622576 [DOI  PMID]
  • Bartoli M, Palermo S, Cipriani GE, Amanzio M. (2020) A Possible Association Between Executive Dysfunction and Frailty in Patients With Neurocognitive Disorders. Frontiers in psychology 11 554307 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Howick J, Bartoli M, Cipriani GE, Kong J. (2020) How Do Nocebo Phenomena Provide a Theoretical Framework for the COVID-19 Pandemic? Frontiers in psychology 11 589884 [DOI  PMID]
  • Bartoli M, Palermo S, Stanziano M, Cipriani GE, Leotta D, Valentini MC, Amanzio M. (2020) Reduced Self-Awareness Following a Combined Polar and Paramedian Bilateral Thalamic Infarction. A Possible Relationship With SARS-CoV-2 Risk of Contagion? Frontiers in psychology 11 570160 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Bartoli M, Cipriani GE, Palermo S. (2020) Executive Dysfunction and Reduced Self-Awareness in Patients With Neurological Disorders. A Mini-Review. Frontiers in psychology 11 1697 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Vase L, Mitsikostas DD. (2020) Editorial: Nocebo Effects and Their Influence on Clinical Trials and Practice: Modulating Factors in Healthy and Pathological Conditions. Frontiers in pharmacology 11 100 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Palermo S. (2020) Nocebo effects and psychotropic drug action - an update. Expert review of clinical pharmacology 13(2) 75-77 [DOI  PMID]
  • Palermo S, Rainero I, Stanziano M, Vase L, D'Agata F, Rubino E, Fonio P, Sardanelli F, Amanzio M. (2019) A novel neurocognitive approach for placebo analgesia in neurocognitive disorders. Experimental gerontology 118 106-116 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Palermo S. (2019) Pain Anticipation and Nocebo-Related Responses: A Descriptive Mini-Review of Functional Neuroimaging Studies in Normal Subjects and Precious Hints on Pain Processing in the Context of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Frontiers in pharmacology 10 969 [DOI  PMID]
  • De Waal MWM, van Dalen-Kok AH, de Vet HCW, Gimenez-Llort L, Konstantinovic L, de Tommaso M, Fischer T, Lukas A, Kunz M, Lautenbacher S, Lobbezoo F, McGuire BE, van der Steen JT, Achterberg WP. (2019) Observational pain assessment in older persons with dementia in four countries: observer agreement of items and factor structure of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition. European journal of pain (London, England) [DOI  PMID]
  • Palermo S, Giovannelli F, Bartoli M, Amanzio M. (2019) Are Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders More Prone to Manifest Nocebo-Like-Effects? A Meta-Analysis of Adverse Events in Placebo Groups of Double-Blind Antipsychotic Trials. Frontiers in pharmacology 10 502 [DOI  PMID]
  • Palermo S, Lopiano L, Morese R, Zibetti M, Romagnolo A, Stanziano M, Rizzone MG, Geminiani GC, Valentini MC, Amanzio M. (2018) Role of the Cingulate Cortex in Dyskinesias-Reduced-Self-Awareness: An fMRI Study on Parkinson's Disease Patients. Frontiers in psychology 9 1765 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Palermo S, Zucca M, Rosato R, Rubino E, Leotta D, Bartoli M, Rainero I. (2018) Neuropsychological correlates of instrumental activities of daily living in neurocognitive disorders: a possible role for executive dysfunction and mood changes. International psychogeriatrics 30(12) 1871-1881 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Palermo S, Zucca M, Rosato R, Rubino E, Leotta D, Bartoli M, Rainero I. (2017) Neuropsychological Correlates of Pre-Frailty in Neurocognitive Disorders: A Possible Role for Metacognitive Dysfunction and Mood Changes. Frontiers in medicine 4 199 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, D'Agata F, Palermo S, Rubino E, Zucca M, Galati A, Pinessi L, Castellano G, Rainero I. (2017) Corrigendum to "Neural correlates of reduced awareness in instrumental activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia" [Exp. Gerontol. 83 (2016) 158-164]. Experimental gerontology 96 164-165 [DOI  PMID]
  • Palermo S, Lopiano L, Zibetti M, Rosato R, Leotta D, Amanzio M. (2017) A novel framework for understanding reduced awareness of dyskinesias in Parkinson's Disease. Parkinsonism & related disorders 39 58-63 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Palermo S, Skyt I, Vase L. (2016) Lessons Learned From Nocebo Effects in Clinical Trials for Pain Conditions and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology 36(5) 475-82 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, D'Agata F, Palermo S, Rubino E, Zucca M, Galati A, Pinessi L, Castellano G, Rainero I. (2016) Neural correlates of reduced awareness in instrumental activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia. Experimental gerontology 83 158-64 [DOI  PMID]
  • Defrin R, Amanzio M, de Tommaso M, Dimova V, Filipovic S, Finn DP, Gimenez-Llort L, Invitto S, Jensen-Dahm C, Lautenbacher S, Oosterman JM, Petrini L, Pick CG, Pickering G, Vase L, Kunz M. (2015) Experimental pain processing in individuals with cognitive impairment: current state of the science. Pain 156(8) 1396-408 [DOI  PMID]
  • Vase L, Amanzio M, Price DD. (2015) Nocebo vs. placebo: the challenges of trial design in analgesia research. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 97(2) 143-50 [DOI  PMID]
  • Palermo S, Benedetti F, Costa T, Amanzio M. (2015) Pain anticipation: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of brain imaging studies. Human brain mapping 36(5) 1648-61 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M. (2015) Nocebo effects and psychotropic drug action. Expert review of clinical pharmacology 8(2) 159-61 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Palermo S, Zibetti M, Leotta D, Rosato R, Geminiani G, Lopiano L. (2014) Self-unawareness of levodopa induced dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain and cognition 90 135-41 [DOI  PMID]
  • Palermo S, Cauda F, Costa T, Duca S, Gallino G, Geminiani G, Keller R, Amanzio M. (2015) Unawareness of bipolar disorder: the role of the cingulate cortex. Neurocase 21(4) 438-47 [DOI  PMID]
  • Petersen GL, Finnerup NB, Colloca L, Amanzio M, Price DD, Jensen TS, Vase L. (2014) The magnitude of nocebo effects in pain: a meta-analysis. Pain 155(8) 1426-34 [DOI  PMID]
  • Palermo S, Leotta D, Bongioanni MR, Amanzio M. (2014) Unawareness of deficits in ischemic injury: role of the cingulate cortex. Neurocase 20(5) 540-55 [DOI  PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M. (2013) Mechanisms of the placebo response. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics 26(5) 520-3 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Vase L, Leotta D, Miceli R, Palermo S, Geminiani G. (2013) Impaired awareness of deficits in Alzheimer's disease: the role of everyday executive dysfunction. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS 19(1) 63-72 [DOI  PMID]
  • Cauda F, Torta DM, Sacco K, Geda E, D'Agata F, Costa T, Duca S, Geminiani G, Amanzio M. (2012) Shared "core" areas between the pain and other task-related networks. PloS one 7(8) e41929 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Benedetti F, Vase L. (2012) A systematic review of adverse events in the placebo arm of donepezil trials: the role of cognitive impairment. International psychogeriatrics 24(5) 698-707 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Benedetti F, Porro CA, Palermo S, Cauda F. (2013) Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of brain correlates of placebo analgesia in human experimental pain. Human brain mapping 34(3) 738-52 [DOI  PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Rosato R, Blanchard C. (2011) Nonopioid placebo analgesia is mediated by CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Nature medicine 17(10) 1228-30 [DOI  PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M. (2011) The placebo response: how words and rituals change the patient's brain. Patient education and counseling 84(3) 413-9 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Torta DM, Sacco K, Cauda F, D'Agata F, Duca S, Leotta D, Palermo S, Geminiani GC. (2011) Unawareness of deficits in Alzheimer's disease: role of the cingulate cortex. Brain : a journal of neurology 134(Pt 4) 1061-76 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M. (2011) Do we need a new procedure for the assessment of adverse events in anti-migraine clinical trials? Recent patents on CNS drug discovery 6(1) 41-7 [PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Thoen W. (2011) Disruption of opioid-induced placebo responses by activation of cholecystokinin type-2 receptors. Psychopharmacology 213(4) 791-7 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Monteverdi S, Giordano A, Soliveri P, Filippi P, Geminiani G. (2010) Impaired awareness of movement disorders in Parkinson's disease. Brain and cognition 72(3) 337-46 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Corazzini LL, Vase L, Benedetti F. (2009) A systematic review of adverse events in placebo groups of anti-migraine clinical trials. Pain 146(3) 261-9 [DOI  PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Geminiani G, Leotta D, Cappa S. (2008) Metaphor comprehension in Alzheimer's disease: novelty matters. Brain and language 107(1) 1-10 [DOI  PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Vighetti S, Asteggiano G. (2006) The biochemical and neuroendocrine bases of the hyperalgesic nocebo effect. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 26(46) 12014-22 [DOI  PMID]
  • Rainero I, Amanzio M, Vighetti S, Bergamasco B, Pinessi L, Benedetti F. (2001) Quantitative EEG responses to ischaemic arm stress in migraine. Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache 21(3) 224-9 [PMID]
  • Pollo A, Amanzio M, Arslanian A, Casadio C, Maggi G, Benedetti F. (2001) Response expectancies in placebo analgesia and their clinical relevance. Pain 93(1) 77-84 [PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Pollo A, Maggi G, Benedetti F. (2001) Response variability to analgesics: a role for non-specific activation of endogenous opioids. Pain 90(3) 205-15 [PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Arduino C, Amanzio M. (1999) Somatotopic activation of opioid systems by target-directed expectations of analgesia. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 19(9) 3639-48 [PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Baldi S, Casadio C, Maggi G. (1999) Inducing placebo respiratory depressant responses in humans via opioid receptors. The European journal of neuroscience 11(2) 625-31 [PMID]
  • Amanzio M, Benedetti F. (1999) Neuropharmacological dissection of placebo analgesia: expectation-activated opioid systems versus conditioning-activated specific subsystems. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 19(1) 484-94 [PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Baldi S, Casadio C, Cavallo A, Mancuso M, Ruffini E, Oliaro A, Maggi G. (1998) The specific effects of prior opioid exposure on placebo analgesia and placebo respiratory depression. Pain 75(2-3) 313-9 [PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Vighetti S, Ricco C, Amanzio M, Bergamasco L, Casadio C, Cianci R, Giobbe R, Oliaro A, Bergamasco B, Maggi G. (1998) Neurophysiologic assessment of nerve impairment in posterolateral and muscle-sparing thoracotomy. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 115(4) 841-7 [DOI  PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Vighetti S, Amanzio M, Casadio C, Oliaro A, Bergamasco B, Maggi G. (1998) Dose-response relationship of opioids in nociceptive and neuropathic postoperative pain. Pain 74(2-3) 205-11 [PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Casadio C, Cavallo A, Cianci R, Giobbe R, Mancuso M, Ruffini E, Maggi G. (1997) Postthoracoscopy pain: is TENS the answer? The Annals of thoracic surgery 64(3) 890-1 [PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Casadio C, Filosso PL, Molinatti M, Oliaro A, Pischedda F, Maggi G. (1997) Postoperative pain and superficial abdominal reflexes after posterolateral thoracotomy. The Annals of thoracic surgery 64(1) 207-10 [PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Casadio C, Oliaro A, Maggi G. (1997) Blockade of nocebo hyperalgesia by the cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide. Pain 71(2) 135-40 [PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M. (1997) The neurobiology of placebo analgesia: from endogenous opioids to cholecystokinin. Progress in neurobiology 52(2) 109-25 [PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Casadio C, Cavallo A, Cianci R, Giobbe R, Mancuso M, Ruffini E, Maggi G. (1997) Control of postoperative pain by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic operations. The Annals of thoracic surgery 63(3) 773-6 [PMID]
  • Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Maggi G. (1995) Potentiation of placebo analgesia by proglumide. Lancet (London, England) 346(8984) 1231 [PMID]
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